The history of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century, and it is believed they represent the basis for the right-to-left reading style. History and characteristicsĪ kami-shibai story teller from Sazae-san by Machiko Hasegawa. The term " ani-manga" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of " anime" in and outside Japan. In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense. The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, "manhwa", and the Chinese word "manhua". The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word 漫画, ( katakana: マンガ hiragana: まんが) composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and 画 (ga) meaning "pictures". The kanji for "manga" from the preface to Shiji no yukikai (1798) Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese (" manhua"), Korean (" manhwa"), English (" OEL manga"), and French (" manfra"), as well as in the nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga"). Sometimes, manga are based on previous live-action or animated films.
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If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or during its run. A manga artist ( mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively paperback books. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue.
Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white-due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork) and to keep printing costs low -although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful). In Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $250 million in 2012. This is equivalent to approximately ten times that of the United States and was valued at about €460 million ($640 million).
According to Jean-Marie Bouissou, Manga represented 38% of the French comics market in 2005. In 2020 the North American manga market was valued at almost $250 million. Beginning with the late 2010's manga started massively outselling american comics. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience. In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to the fast growth of digital manga sales. By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥586.4 billion ( $6–7 billion), with annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines in Japan (equivalent to 15 issues per person). Since the 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry. Many manga are translated into other languages. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action, adventure, business and commerce, comedy, detective, drama, historical, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction and fantasy, erotica ( hentai), sports and games, and suspense, among others. Outside of Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country. The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long prehistory in earlier Japanese art. Manga ( Japanese: 漫画 ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan.
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